Energy, Coercive Diplomacy, and Sanctions

pAnalysis of energy markets has long focused on the concern that fossil fuels might be used as instruments of coercion. In this chapter we review the state of knowledge on the relationship between energy, coercion, and sanctions. We argue that historical concerns in the major energy importing countries regarding the potential for coercion have largely been largely misguided: the structure of energy markets make it difficult to use the fossil fuels that form the basis of our energy system as instruments of coercion or to enforce changes in target statesrsquo; behavior. We suggest there are nevertheless a number of important questions that remain amenable to further research. First, more research is needed to understand the implications of energy supply chains in which production, transportation, refining, and distribution are no longer handled by the same companies or dominated by the same countries. Second, recent sanctions efforts suggest that oil consumers may gain leverage vis-agrave;-vis producers, yet the effectiveness of sanctions against energy exporters remains poorly understood, including sanctions that target the financial activities that underpin their ability to settle trades in oil and gas. Third, scholars interested in energy could also profitably study the relationship between the energy sector and interest groups politics, both in targeted countries and those seeking to impose costs through the manipulation of energy markets./p